DKI 1,3 β-glucan - 50 g

DKI supplemented with Phaeo = DKI 1,3 β-glucan
B-glucans represent a potent, valuable, and well-documented immunostimulant for
improving immune status and enhancing disease resistance in cultured fish. The diatom
Phaeodactylum tricornutum is characterized by a its high content in bioactive molecules,
such as the omega-3 fatty acid EPA, the carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin, and
chrysolaminarin, a water soluble polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers linked
by a B-(1,3) bond with limited B-(1,6) branching. Among the reported immunostimulant
effects of fish diets enriched in P. tricornutum, it might be highlighted: i) increase in
haemolytic complement activity, ii) stimulation of phagocytic activity and respiratory
burst activity of head-kidney leukocytes, iii) increase of serum IgM levels, the major
adaptive humoral response and commonly the only immunoglobulin class describe in
fish, iv) increase in the expression of IL-8, a proinflammatory cytokine that contributes
(acting together with IL-1 and TNFa) to host defence mechanisms in response to
invasion or bacterial colonization. Moreover, chysolaminarin-enriched extracts have
shown to: i) stimulate the expression of chaperone hsp90aa and the antimicrobial
peptide hamp1, thus modulating NF-kB pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokine
production in macrophages, ii) modulate key immune genes, such as the glucan-receptor c-type lectin (clec), interferon-related factors irf3 and irf7, TNFa, the
chemokine cxc10, g-type lysozyme, cd4 and IL-1B, supporting and immunomodulatory
and anti-inflammatory effect, and iii) modulate gut microbiome, reducing bacteria of
the Vibrio genus.